The patient with SLE, or lupus is often first referred to a rheumatologist for diagnosis based on the result of a positive blood test for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The ANA is the "sine qua non" of lupus, meaning that virtually every patient with SLE will have a positive ANA, yet the blood test is by no means "specific". This means that some 5% of the population may have a positive ANA but never develop lupus. In general, the higher the antibody titer value, the high the probability of SLE. A more specific blood test is the "anti-double stranded, or native, DNA". Finding this antibody in the patient's very genetic material makes the diagnoses of SLE more probable, and its presence may predict current or future involvement of the kidney. Perhaps the most specific antibody is "anti-Smith", names after the patient in whom it was originally found. This test is nearly 100% predictive of SLE if it is present, but it is only found in less than 20% of patients.
An antinuclear antibody (ANA) test measures the amount and pattern of antibodies in your blood that work against your own body (autoimmune). The results of an ANA test are usually given in titers. A titer is a measure of how much the blood sample can be diluted before the presence of the antibodies can no longer be detected. [ Basically the titer its a ratio referring to a concentration of antibodies ] For example, a titer of 1 to 40 (1:40) means that antibodies can be detected when 1 part of the blood sample is diluted by up to 40 parts of a salt solution (saline). A larger second number means there are more antibodies in the blood. Therefore, a titer of 1 to 80 indicates more antibodies in the blood than a titer of 1 to 40. There are different subtypes of ANA which may have a range of normal values. Normal values may vary from lab to lab. Results will usually be available in about 1 week. Antinuclear antibodies, may have Normal titer of 1:40 or less.
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Corticosteroids, also called steroids, are a mainstay in the fight against lupus. Corticosteroids are actually hormonal drugs that behave like the body’s own adrenal gland hormone adrenaline. These synthetic versions are very powerful and the doses given are much greater than the body can produce on its own. Don't confuse corticosteroids with the anabolic steroids often abused by athletes. Corticosteroids affect lupus because they suppress the overactive immune system and inflammation contributing to the flares that may cause tissue damage. Unfortunately, these strong drugs have side effects and consequences that all lupus patients must discuss with their physicians before starting therapy. An immunosuppressed patient often suffers infections, such as strep throat, UTIs, or even a reactivated infection like herpes (shingles) or TB. There are many side effects of corticosteroids including high blood pressure, calcium loss, GI irritation and ulcers (thrush/ yeast infections), delayed wound healing, menstrual irregularities, increased appetite and weight gain, hair growth, especially on arms, face and legs, fat deposits on face and upper body (Also called “moonface” and “buffalo hump”). Long term use and high doses can lead to some secondary health conditions such as hypertension, osteoporosis, exogenic Cushing's syndrome, cataracts, glaucoma, and even diabetes.
While high doses or long-term therapy increase the risk of side effects, stopping therapy too abruptly carries its own dangers. I can’t stress this enough: NEVER stop taking any form of corticosteroids without discussing it with your physician first! While you are taking corticosteroids, your body’s adrenal gland, realizing that there are plenty of hormones around, stops making the usual amounts of cortisone that it usually does. If you stop taking those steroids suddenly, the adrenal gland won’t have time to immediately start up and make enough to keep your body functioning and you can suffer acute adrenal insufficiency, a serious and potentially fatal development. If the steroids aren’t weaned off slowly over a period of time, you run the risk of lupus flares or worsening symptoms. Additionally, if a person on long-term steroid therapy is going to undergo surgery or childbirth, or has any sort of trauma, they may need additional doses to compensate for the stress to the body.
Bone mineral density (BMD) testing -- as performed in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) -- measures the demineralization of the bones. This has become the gold standard for evaluation for osteoporosis. The cost for DEXA scans run $200 - $300; but most insurance plans cover them. Anyone taking prednisone ( corticosteroids ) should be tested at least every one or two years; however, early on a patient should have a baseline bone-density test due to the rapid bone loss that takes place the first two years of steroid use.
There are several different kinds of drugs used to treat osteoporosis. They vary in their side effects, benefits, and costs. Because of potential harm to a developing fetus, it is extremely important that women not only communicate to their doctors that they are pregnant but whether they have any plans to become pregnant. Lingering drugs may still affect pregnancy, so treatment and prevention may have to be through diet and exercise.